// For Jean David // Table of Contents (Chem) import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.applet.*; import java.lang.*; public class Jean extends Applet{ String[] elements = {"H ","He","Li","Be","B ","C ","N ","O ","F ","Ne", "Na","Mg","Al","Si","P","S","Cl","Ar", "K","Ca","Sc","Ti","V","Cr","Mn","Fe","Co","Ni","Cu","Zn","Ga","Ge","As","Se","Br","Kr", "Rb","Sr","Y","Zr","Nb","Mo","Tc","Ru","Rh","Pd","Ag","Cd","In","Sn","Sb","Te","I","Xe", "Cs","Ba","La","Ce","Pr","Nd","Pm","Sm","Eu","Gd","Tb","Dy","Ho","Er","Tm","Yb","Lu", "Hf","Ta","W","Re","Os","Ir","Pt","Au","Hg","Tl","Pb","Bi","Po","At","Rn", "Fr","Ra","Ac","Th","Pa","U","Np","Pu","Am","Cm","Bk","Cf","Es","Fm","Md","No","Lw" }; String[] elementDisc = {"Hydrogen\nAtomic Number: 1\nAtomic Symbol: H\nAtomic Weight: 1.0079\nElectron Configuration: 1s1\n\nHistory\n(Gr. hydro, water, and genes, forming) Hydrogen was prepared many years before it was recognized as a distinct substance by Cavendish in 1776.\nNamed by Lavoisier, hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe. The heavier elements were originally made from Hydrogen or from other\nelements that were originally made from Hydrogen.\n\nSources\nHydrogen is estimated to make up more than 90% of all the atoms or three quarters of the mass of the universe. This element is found in the stars, and\nplays an important part in powering the universe through both the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle -- stellar hydrogen fusion processes \nthat release massive amounts of energy by combining Hydrogen to form Helium.\nProduction of hydrogen in the U.S. alone now amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. Hydrogen is prepared by \n· steam on heated carbon,\n· decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat, \n· action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum\n· electrolysis of water, or \n· displacement from acids by certain metals. \nLiquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only 20 degrees above absolute zero. \nTritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb.\nHydrogen is the primary component of Jupiter and the other gas giant planets. At some depth in the planet's interior the pressure is so great that \nsolid molecular hydrogen is converted to solid metallic hydrogen.\nIn 1973, a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the transition the density changed\nfrom 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, at Livermore, California, a group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume\npoint centered at 2 Mbar. Predictions say that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room\ntemperature.\n\nCompounds\nAlthough pure Hydrogen is a gas we find very little of it in our atmosphere. Hydrogen gas is so light that uncombined Hydrogen will gain enough velocity\nfrom collisions with other gases that they will quickly be ejected from the atmosphere. On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in\nwater, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the\nextent of less than 1 ppm by volume. The lightest of all gases, hydrogen combines with other elements -- sometimes explosively -- to form compounds.\n \nUses\nGreat quantities are required commercially for the fixation of nitrogen from the air in the Haber ammonia process and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils.\nIt is also used in large quantities in methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. Other uses include rocket fuel,\nwelding, producing hydrochloric acid, reducing metallic ores, and filling balloons.\nThe lifting power of 1 cubic foot of hydrogen gas is about 0.07 lb at 0C, 760 mm pressure.\nThe Hydrogen Fuel cell is a developing technology that will allow great amounts of electrical power to be obtained using a source of hyrogen gas.\nConsideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high\ncost of hydrogen with respect to today's fuels are but a few of the problems facing such an economy. Located in remote regions, power plants would\nelectrolyze seawater; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and\ncould serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene.\n\nForms\nQuite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that under ordinary conditions hydrogen gas is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and\npara-hydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei.\nNormal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state.\nSince the two forms differ in energy, the physical properties also differ. The melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1oC lower than those of\nnormal hydrogen.\n\nIsotopes\nThe ordinary isotope of hydrogen, H, is known as Protium, the other two isotopes are Deuterium (a proton and a neutron) and Tritium (a protron\nand two neutrons). Hydrogen is the only element whose isotopes have been given different names. Deuterium and Tritium are both used as fuel in\nnuclear fusion reactors. One atom of Deuterium is found in about 6000 ordinary hydrogen atoms.\nDeuterium is used as a moderator to slow down neutrons. Tritium atoms are also present but in much smaller proportions. Tritium is readily\nproduced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen (fusion) bomb. It is also used as a radioactive agent in making luminous\npaints, and as a tracer.\n\n","Helium\nAtomic Number: 2\nAtomic Symbol: He\nAtomic Weight: 4.00260\nElectron Configuration: 1s\n\nHistory\n(Gr. helios, the sun). Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum.\nLockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element. In 1895 Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral clevite while it was\nindependently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet at about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that\nalpha particles are helium nuclei.\n\nSources\nExcept for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found through out the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas. In fact, all natural\ngas contains at least trace quantities of helium.\nIt has been detected spectroscopically in great abundance, especially in the hotter stars, and it is an important component in both the proton-proton\nreaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars.\nThe fusion of hydrogen into helium provides the energy of the hydrogen bomb. The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000.\nWhile it is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product, the bulk of the Free World's supply is obtained from wells in Texas, Oklahoma,\nand Kansas. The only known helium extraction plants, outside the United States, in 1984 were in Eastern Europe (Poland), the USSR, and a few in India.\n\nIsotopes\nSeven isotopes of helium are known: Liquid helium (He4) exists in two forms: He4I and He4II, with a sharp transition point at 2.174K. He4I (above\nthis temperature) is a normal liquid, but He4II (below it) is unlike any other known substance. It expands on cooling; its conductivity for heat is enormous;\nand neither its heat conduction nor viscosity obeys normal rules.\n\nUses\n· as an inert gas shield for arc welding;\n· a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals and producing titanium and zirconium;\n· as a cooling medium for nuclear reactors, and\n· as a gas for supersonic wind tunnels.\nA mixture of helium and oxygen is used as an artificial atmosphere for divers and others working under pressure. Different ratios of He/O2 are used for\ndifferent depths at which the diver is operating.\nHelium is extensively used for filling balloons as it is a much safer gas than hydrogen. One of the recent largest uses for helium has been for pressuring\nliquid fuel rockets. A Saturn booster, like the type used on the Apollo lunar missions, required about 13 million ft3 of helium for a firing, plus more for\ncheckouts.\nLiquid helium's use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to increase as the medical profession accepts and develops new uses for the \nequipment. This equipment has eliminated some need for exploratory surgery by accurately diagnosing patients. Another medical application uses MRE to\ndetermine (by blood analysis) whether a patient has any form of cancer.\nHelium is also being used to advertise on blimps for various companies, including Goodyear. Other lifting gas applications are being developed by the\nNavy and Air Force to detect low-flying cruise missiles. Additionally, the Drug Enforcement Agency is using radar-equipped blimps to detect drug smugglers\nalong the United States boarders. In addition, NASA is currently using helium-filled balloons to sample the atmosphere in Antarctica to determine what is\ndepleting the ozone layer.\n","Lithium\nLithium\nAtomic Number: 3\nAtomic Symbol: Li\nAtomic Weight: 6.941\nElectron Configuration: [He]2s1\n\nHistory\n(Gr. lithos, stone) Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water. \n\nSources\nIt does not occur free in nature; combined it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in the waters of many mineral springs.\nLepidolite, spodumeme, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.\nLithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in\nNorth Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na and K, other members of\nthe alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal\nburns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.\n\nUses\nSince World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any\nsolid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying\nagent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has\na high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a\nminor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most lyproscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial\ndrying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage\nbatteries.\n\n ","Berillium\n","Boron", "Carbon","Nitrogen","Oxygen","Fluorine","Neon", "Sodium","Magnesium","Aluminium","Silicon","Phosphorus","Sulfur","Chlorine","Argon", "Potassium","Calcium","Scandium","Titanium","Vanadium","Chromium","Manganese","Iron", "Cobalt","Nickel","Copper","Zinc","Gallium","Germanium","Arsenic","Selenium","Bromine","Krypton", "Rubidium","Strontium","Yttrium","Zirconium","Niobium","Molybdenum","Technetium","Ruthenium", "Rhodium","Palladium","Silver","Cadmium","Indium","Tin","Antimony","Tellurium","Iodine","Xenon", "Cesium","Barium","Lanthanum","Cerium","Praseodymium","Neodymium","Promethium","Samarium","Europium", "Gadolinum","Terbium","Dysprosium","Holmium","Erbium","Thulium","Ytterbium","Lutetium", "Hafnium","Tantalum","Wolfram","Rhenium","Osmium","Iridium","Platinum", "Gold","Mercury","Thallium","Pead","Bismuth","Polonium","Astatine","Radon", "Francium","Radium","Actinium","Thorium","Profactinium","Uranium","Neptunium","Plutonium","Americium", "Curium","Berkelium","Californium","Einsteinium","Fermium","Mendelevium","Nobelium","Lawrencium" } ; String divider ="\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"; /*public int left = 30; public int top = 40; public int xg = 10; public int yg = 10; public int w = 30; public int h = 55; public int s = 5; */ //Dialog dlg = new Dialog(new Frame("Properties")); TextArea Ta = new TextArea("Table of Elements Applet v1.2\nby Jean, Mikay and Gail\n======================\n\n", 20, 40); Button[] buttons = new Button[105]; Label HeadLabel = new Label("Table of Elements Applet",Label.CENTER); Label FootLabel = new Label("by Jean / Mikay / Gail",Label.CENTER); public Jean(){ } public void main(String[] args){ Frame f = new Frame("TOE"); Jean ex1 = new Jean(); ex1.init(); f.add("Top", ex1); f.pack(); f.setSize(1000,1000);//f.getPreferredSize() f.show(); } public static void main(){ } protected void makebutton(int index,GridBagLayout gridbag,GridBagConstraints c) { buttons[index-1] = new Button(elements[index-1]+" "+Integer.toString(index)); gridbag.setConstraints(buttons[index-1], c); buttons[index-1].setActionCommand(elementDisc[index-1]+"\n\n"); add(buttons[index-1]); } protected void makeblank(GridBagLayout gridbag,GridBagConstraints c) { Button button = new Button(""); gridbag.setConstraints(button, c); add(button); } public void init(){ /*int datap; int enum;*/ int i; /*int j; datap = 1; xg = left; yg = top; enum=1;*/ //dlg.setSize(400,400); //dlg.add(Ta); //dlg.setVisible(true); GridBagLayout gridbag = new GridBagLayout(); GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints(); setFont(new Font("Dialog", Font.PLAIN, 80)); setLayout(gridbag); c.fill = GridBagConstraints.BOTH; c.anchor =GridBagConstraints.NORTHWEST; c.weightx = 1.0; c.weighty = 0.0; c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row gridbag.setConstraints(HeadLabel, c); add(HeadLabel); setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 11)); c.gridwidth = 1; makebutton(1, gridbag, c); for(i=0;i<16;i++){ makeblank( gridbag, c);} c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row makebutton(2, gridbag, c); c.gridwidth = 1;//start row makebutton(3, gridbag, c); makebutton(4, gridbag, c); for(i=0;i<10;i++){ makeblank( gridbag, c);} for(i=5;i<10;i++){ makebutton(i, gridbag, c);} c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row makebutton(10, gridbag, c); c.gridwidth = 1; makebutton(11, gridbag, c);makebutton(12, gridbag, c); for(i=0;i<10;i++){ makeblank( gridbag, c);} for(i=13;i<18;i++){ makebutton(i, gridbag, c);} c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row makebutton(18, gridbag, c); c.gridwidth = 1; for(i=19;i<36;i++){ makebutton(i, gridbag, c);} c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row makebutton(36, gridbag, c); c.gridwidth = 1; for(i=37;i<54;i++){ makebutton(i, gridbag, c);} c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row makebutton(54, gridbag, c); c.gridwidth = 1; for(i=55;i<58;i++){ makebutton(i, gridbag, c);} for(i=72;i<86;i++){ makebutton(i, gridbag, c);} c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row makebutton(86, gridbag, c); c.gridwidth = 1; for(i=87;i<90;i++){ makebutton(i, gridbag, c);} for(i=0;i<14;i++){ makeblank( gridbag, c);} c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row makeblank( gridbag, c); c.gridwidth = 1; for(i=0;i<17;i++){ makeblank(gridbag, c);} c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row makeblank( gridbag, c); c.gridwidth = 1; for(i=0;i<3;i++){ makeblank(gridbag, c);} for(i=58;i<72;i++){ makebutton(i, gridbag, c);} c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row makeblank( gridbag, c); c.gridwidth = 1; for(i=0;i<3;i++){ makeblank(gridbag, c);} for(i=90;i<104;i++){ makebutton(i, gridbag, c);} c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row makeblank( gridbag, c); gridbag.setConstraints(FootLabel, c); add(FootLabel); c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row gridbag.setConstraints(Ta, c); add(Ta); //this.setSize(1000, 1000); for (i=0;i<103;i++){ buttons[i].addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { Ta.append(divider); Ta.append(e.getActionCommand()); Ta.append(divider); }}); } } public void paint (Graphics g){ } }